Lista rodzajów

Australoheros

Australoheros facetus
facetus

Australoheros macacuensis
macacuensis

Australoheros montanus
montanus

Australoheros scitulus
scitulus

Australoheros sp. 'local'
sp. 'local'

Australoheros sp. 'potrero'
sp. 'potrero'

Australoheros sp. 'red ceibal'
sp. 'red ceibal'

Australoheros sp. 'tropa vieja'
sp. 'tropa vieja'

Australoheros sp. 'unidentified'
sp. 'unidentified'

Australoheros ykeregua
ykeregua

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forquilha

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ipatinguensis

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Cichlid Room Companion

Podrodzina
Cichlinae

Plemię
Heroini

Gatunku
Australoheros

Status
prawidłowy


Opiekun
Willem Heijns

Opublikowany
24-sie-2012

Ostatnia aktualizacja :
24-sie-2012

Juvenile from del Diario Lagoon Australoheros facetus 5.5 cm juvenile freshly collected from del Diario Lagoon (daily lagoon), Maldonado lagoon system [Uruguay]. This locality is with almost certainty the type locality for this species, where Charles Darwin collected the specimen used in the description.Zdjęcie wykonał Pablo Calviño.

Australoheros facetus Jenyns, 1842

" Argueably the very first cichlid to be kept in aquaria (at least in Europe) "
Australoheros facetus adult freshly collected form the type locality at del Diario lagoon, Maldonado Lagoon system [Uruguay], the place where with almost certainty Charles Darwin collected the specimens that were used in the original description of this species. This specimen measures 10 cm
Australoheros facetus young adult collected in southwest Uruguay, in various river systems about 16 kilometers north of the city of Colonia Del Sacramento
Australoheros facetus w akwarium
Dziki samiec Australoheros facetus w barwach godowych z wodospadów Arroyo Tirica, , Arroyo Urugua-i; Misiones [Argentyna], w akwarium Sebastiana Wassenaara, Holandia
Dzika samica Australoheros facetus wraz z narybkiem z wodospadów Arroyo Tirica, , Arroyo Urugua-i; Misiones [Argentyna], w akwarium Sebastiana Wassenaara, Holandia

Oryginalny opis jako Chromis facetus:

Synonimy:

Historia taksonomiczna:

Grupy:

Etymologia: facetus: charming, beautiful (Latin). Reverend Jenyns must have had a peculiar taste.

Typy: Australoheros facetus was described from the specimen collected by Charles Darwin on his famous trip with the Beagle (1832-1838). It is now in the Museum of the Cambridge University [England] stored with the registration Darwin no. 660, and was pictured for the first time by Heijns (2012).

Cechy charakterystyczne: Australoheros facetus is one of only three prognathous species (i.e. lower jaw longer than upper and mouth pointing upwards) in the genus (Australoheros acaroides and Australoheros tavaresi being the other two). It also has the shortest dorsal scale cover of all Australoheros species and the least scaled dorsal and anal fins among Australoheros (together with Australoheros tembe). Australoheros facetus is the only species of Australoheros with four abdominal bars, which are present in more than 80% of individuals as compared to 50% or less in all other species (Rican & Kullander, 2008).

Rozmiar: This is a cichlid of moderate size (15-20 cm), although aquarium specimens have been recorded of over 30 cm in length.

Dymorfizm płci: There are no visual sex differences. Males tend to grow a little bit larger than females.

Nazwy popularne: Chanchito (native, Español).

Lokalizacja typu: Lake in Maldonado, Uruguay. Laguna del Diario (34° 54´ S, 55° 00´ W) (Calviño, 2007).

Występowanie: After the recent species explosion Australoheros facetus is now the most southerly occurring species of the genus. It can be found in the middle and lower parts of the Río Paraná (and the lower parts of the Río Paraguay) as well as in the coastal rivers of southern Uruguay. Recently it has been reported from coastal rivers in Argentina, some 200 km south of the Río de la Plata (Bruno et al. 2011).

There have been reports of this species occurring in Portugal, although Kullander seems to think the fish found there do not belong to Australoheros facetus. This habitat is therefore questionable.

Zamieszkiwane kraje: Argentyna (native), Portugalia (exotic), Urugwaj (native).

Siedlisko: This species can be found in rivers with slow to moderate current and also in pools and coastal lagoons. Darwin's fish came form "a freshwater lake, sometimes said to be a little brackish".

Several localities in Uruguay have water with a pH of 7.3 - 8.3 and a conductivity of 80-270 µS/cm. The temperature varied between 24°C and 30°C (in late summer), but it is not certain whether these locations are part of the Australoheros facetus range.

Lokalizacje: La Salamanca (Urugwaj, native), Laguna del Diario (Urugwaj, native).

Pokarm: So far there have been no specific field studies on Australoheros facetus. This is mainly due to the fact that the range of Australoheros facetus has been restricted by the description of many new species and the field information (if available at all) most probably applies to other Australoheros species.

Rozmnażanie: Breeding season seems to start in December, when the water temperature is high. When courting, the body turns a bronze to greenish yellow background marked by a series of irregular black vertical bars, the edge of the dorsal and caudal fins turning red (Axelrod & Burgess, 1973). Bigger fish can produce large spawns (up to 1,000 eggs). It is an open substrate spawner, where both parents take part in parental care.

Akwarystyka: Australoheros facetus has a very long aquaristic history. In fact it may be the very first cichlid ever kept in (European) aquaria. Live specimens were imported into Paris (France) as early as 1889, followed by an import into Berlin (Germany) in 1894, where it was successfully bred the same year (Meinken et al. 1927). The Chanchito was the first cichlid to have been bred in captivity (Axelrod & Burgess, 1973).

Keeping and breeding Australoheros facetus is very easy. As a typical heroine cichlid it needs ample space (aquarium length at least 150 cm, depending on the other fish one wants to keep with it). Aggression is mainly directed towards conspecifics. Provide plenty of shelter, using rocks and driftwood. Plants will be uprooted eventually. Feeding them is not a problem, they eat many types of food including insects, worms, tadpoles etc. (Axelrod & Burgess, 1973). Supplements of vegetable matter such as spinach, lettuce, algae and oatmeal are recommended by the same authors.

Australoheros facetus reaches sexual maturity at a size of about 7 cm. They are not picky when it comes to spawning sites/substrates. Keep in mind however that these are aggressive cichlids and if a male is much larger than a female and she can not escape his attention she could be killed, as males court female aggressively. Courting includes fin spreading and fin wagging in a colorful display. In aquarium they could spawn virtually anywhere. eggs are adhesive, and are placed while the pair exhibits some tremors along the body.

After spawning, the female tends to the eggs and larvae, while the male patrols the borders of the territory. Any material on the eggs is removed by the female. Hatching occurs eight to nine days after spawning depending on water temperature (Axelrod & Burgess, 1973), wrigglers are then relocated to a depression on the substrate where they remain until their attached yolk sac is absorbed and they become free swimming. Once the fry are free-swimming, both parents participate in their defense. The fry will immediately take the usual food (i.e. Artemia nauplii) and are easy to raise. Fry will remain close to their parents until they start to leave. If there are crevices in the aquarium and not heavy predatory pressure by other fish, some may survive to adulthood. Otherwise, some fry can be siphoned out from the aquarium to raise separately.

Temperature is best kept between 20-25°C, as Australoheros facetus is practically a subtropical species. It can even be kept in outdoor ponds in (European) summers.

Ochrona: Australoheros facetus nie jest wpisany przez Międzynarodową Unię Ochrony Przyrody do Czerwonej Księgi Gatunków Zagrożonych IUCN jako

Komentarze: Although it is not the most colorful cichlid, Australoheros facetus has an interesting behaviour, that is well worth studying. Some breeding reports have it that Australoheros facetus does not keep its larvae in a pit, but hangs them on the leaves of plants like some Central American cichlids (Herotilapia multispinosa) do.

Literatura:

Cytat:

Heijns, Willem. (sierpnia 24, 2012). "Australoheros facetus Jenyns, 1842". Cichlid Room Companion. Źródło: na maja 21, 2013, od: http://www.cichlidae.com/gallery/species.php?id=282&content=profile&lang=pl.


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