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Tropheus

Tropheus annectens
annectens

Tropheus brichardi
brichardi

Tropheus duboisi
duboisi

Tropheus moorii
moorii

Tropheus sp. 'black'
sp. 'black'

Tropheus sp. 'ikola'
sp. 'ikola'

Tropheus sp. 'mpimbwe'
sp. 'mpimbwe'

Tropheus sp. 'red'
sp. 'red'

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亚科
Pseudocrenilabrinae

部落
Tropheini

种
Tropheus

状态
有效的


品种资料管理员
Patrick Tawil

出版
30- 5-2010

最后更新于:
30- 5-2010

Adult at Nyanza Tropheus brichardi at Nyanza, the type locality, in the aquarium.拍摄者是 Ad Konings. 鉴定者 Ad Konings.

Tropheus brichardi Nelissen & Thys Van Den Audenaerde, 1975

版本
" The true Tropheus brichardi, also named "chocolate moorii", is only seldom imported "
Tropheus brichardi adult allegedly from Isonga, Lake Tanganyika [Tanzania] in the aquarium, but never found at that locality. Perhaps from near Malagarazi River delta
Tropheus brichardi from Kabimba [Congo Democratic Republic], also known as "Canary Cheek", in the aquarium trade
Tropheus brichardi adult at Bulu Point, Lake Tanganyika [Tanzania]
Tropheus brichardi female at Mvuna Island, Lake Tanganyika [Tanzania]
Tropheus brichardi male feeding from the auwfush off the rocks at Nkondwe Island, Lake Tanganyika [Tanzania]

最初描述为 Tropheus brichardi:

分类史:

分组:

词源: Named after Pierre Brichard, Belgian fish collector based in Lake Tanganyika.

鉴别: A Tropheus species of the T. moorii type with brown chocolate overall coloration and white-yellowish saddle-like area on the back. A small blotch of the same coloration is usually also found on the belly. Juveniles are brown with whitish vertical bars. The anal fins bears 6 hard rays as well as vestigial ocelli, as in most other Tropheus. The iris is withish.

尺寸: Up to 12-14 cm TL (Total length) for imported fish; females usually smaller.

标本产地: Nyanza Lac, Lake Tanganyika, Burundi.

分布: Found all around Lake Tanganyika, except in Zambia. It probably represent several species, some of them living sympatrically. The typical Tropheus brichardi is found in Burundi, at Nyanza-Lac, and north Tanzania (Gombe). According to Schupke (2003), closely related populations are found at the northwestern coast (Uvira) .

栖息地国家: 布隆迪 (native), 刚果民主共和国 (native), 坦桑尼亚 (native).

原栖息地: As other Tropheus of moorii type, inhabits the upper rocky zone free of sediments, though it seems to be pushed towards less favorable sediment-rich rocky areas when competing with some of its congeners.

产地: Bulu Point (坦桑尼亚), Cape Caramba (刚果民主共和国, native), Cape Mpimbwe (坦桑尼亚, native), Cape Tembwe (刚果民主共和国), Isonga (坦桑尼亚), Kabimba (刚果民主共和国, native), Kalemie (刚果民主共和国), Kavalla Islands (刚果民主共和国, native), Kigoma (坦桑尼亚, native), Kipili (坦桑尼亚, native), Korongwe (坦桑尼亚, native), Mtosi (坦桑尼亚, native), Mvuna Island (坦桑尼亚, native), Nkondwe Island (坦桑尼亚, native), Nyanza-Lac (布隆迪, native), Ulwile (坦桑尼亚, native).

摄食: Feeds from the rock algal bio-cover (aufwuchs). The squarish mouth with straight parallel jaws is identical to those of other members of the genus, except for Tropheus duboisi. This species may thrive in more sediment-rich areas, where aufwuchs is less nutritious, than other T. moorii types.

繁殖: As other members of the genus, Tropheus brichardi is a maternal mouth-brooder which produces a rather low egg number (usually from 6-20). In compensation, the pear-shaped eggs are among the largest in the family (7 mm in their longest diameter), giving birth to rather large and well developed young. The incubation period is basically 3 weeks, but often continues during several more weeks (up to 10), during which the young are released from time to time by the mother in sheltered areas and may feed inside their mother's mouth. The male does not take any part in the parental care and usually chases the female away immediately after the spawn, but in aquarium, he may tolerate her in the immediate surroundings of his territory.

水族行业: Tropheus brichardi does not differ markedly from its congeners in maintenance requirements in aquarium, except that it seems to be amongst the most territorial species in the genus. In aquarium, males of all Tropheus species tend to defend their own territory, while linear hierarchies are found only in case of overcrowded small tanks. In order to observe their natural behavior in aquarium, Tropheus must be kept in small groups of several males and females in a large tank (at least 500 liters, but preferably 1000 liters or more) together with other tropheines such as Petrochromis or Simochromis. In smaller tanks, their murdering tendencies usually lead to the eradication of all subordinate males and females, unless the tank is markedly overcrowded. In some cases, when the sexes fit well together, they may be kept as a single pair, a situation which may last several months or years, until the male may finally kill his mate by frustration.

The water of the aquarium must be powerfully filtered, hard and alkaline (ph 8.2), with a temperature range around 23-26°C. These fishes must be given mainly ballast-rich foods, as they are very sensitive to intestinal diseases. As for all members of the genus, Tropheus brichardi tend to peck the fins of its tank-mates, especially when young, thus reducing sometimes considerably their extensions to unsightly extends.

保育: Tropheus brichardi 由国际自然保护联盟（IUCN）在濒危物种红色名录中为自然保育而进行了评估 evaluated (LC) 无危（Least Concern） (2006).

意见: Schupke (2003) proposed an interesting classification of Tropheus populations in several lineages (which, in my opinion, correspond approximately to known species) based on bio-molecular data (mainly from C. Sturmbauer) and personal observations. Considering that some of the types of Tropheus brichardi are sometimes found sympatrically, this suggests that in fact Tropheus brichardi must be divided into 3 or 4 different species.

Consequently, the true Tropheus brichardi would be restricted to the northern part of the lake. Nevertheless, based on molecular studies, Schupke includes the "orange band" Tropheus from Bemba in the same lineage as Tropheus brichardi from the type locality, but this form probably rather belongs to the now well-known Tropheus sp. 'black'.

Another lineage of Tropheus brichardi types, of which the Kigoma or Ujiji populations are the better known, comprises specimens with yellow fins and strong yellow vertical bars. These forms are traditionally included in Tropheus brichardi, but probably represent a different species.

A third lineage of Tropheus brichardi types, which also should be considered a different species, includes olive green individuals with a yellowish-green band and blue eyes (the better known being the Malagarasi population).

A fourth lineage of Tropheus brichardi types comprises the southeastern Tanzanian populations (Ulwile, Namansi) which are genetically closer to Tropheus sp. 'mpimbwe' (which was also first considered as belonging to Tropheus brichardi) and Tropheus annectens polli, with which they share a blue iris and brownish head. The Ulwile form is especially larger than other Tropheus brichardi types, though still smaller than the true Tropheus sp. 'mpimbwe'. These south-eastern populations may be considered as another species, or conspecific with one or another of the Tropheus brichardi types, in view of the fact that it is probably of a mixed genesis.

The wasp yellow black juvenile color pattern of the Ulwile-Kipili types is very recognizable (and very cute), followed by that of the Kigoma type. In the Kigoma type, it must be noted that contrary to nearly all other Tropheus species, dominant territorial males keep their vertical bars visible, though somewhat faded. Uniform brown individuals are usually in neutral mood. Besides, the typical Tropheus brichardi from Nyanza-Lac is uniformly brown with remnants of a whitish-yellow chest band in form of a "saddle" on the back and a small spot on the belly. It lives sympatrically with a member of the yellow-finned Kigoma type, a member of the green-Malagarasi type and a population of Tropheus sp. 'black'.

参考文献:

引语:

Tawil, Patrick. (五月 30, 2010). "Tropheus brichardi Nelissen & Thys Van Den Audenaerde, 1975". CichlidRoomCompanion网站. 检索 五月 24, 2013, 从: http://www.cichlidae.com/gallery/species.php?id=157&content=profile&lang=cn.


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